(In)atividade física e comportamento sedentário: terminologia, conceitos e riscos associados

Autores

  • Rafael Luciano de Mello UNINTER
  • Eliã Kleber Ribeiro
  • João Okuyama

Resumo

Resumo

As expressões inatividade física e comportamento sedentário são equivocadamente reportados como sinônimos, embora possuam definições e características distintas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e conceituar atividade física (AF), inatividade física (IF) e comportamento sedentário (CS), e analisar os riscos associados com a saúde e com a taxa de mortalidade. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa, que utilizou documentos de instituições como Organização Mundial da Saúde, Department of Health and Human Services e Sedentary Behavior Research Network, além de revisões recentes com meta-análise, para levantamento das evidências. AF é qualquer movimento corporal realizado pelos músculos esqueléticos com gasto energético acima dos níveis de repouso. IF é a não realização de AF além dos movimentos básicos. CS é qualquer comportamento em vigília, com baixo gasto energético (≤1.5 METs) enquanto sentado, deitado ou reclinado. Indivíduos que cumprem as recomendações de AF, reduzem em 30% o risco de morte por todas as causas. Permanecer em CS por ≥8 horas/dia aumenta em 27% a mortalidade em comparação com passar<4 horas/dia nos sujeitos inativos. Indivíduos inativos que passam <4 horas/dia ou ≥8 horas/dia em CS, apresentam taxas de mortalidade 27% e 59% maiores, respectivamente, do que pessoas altamente ativas, independentemente do período em CS. Para atenuar os malefícios do CS, recomenda-se a prática diária de AF entre 60-75 minutos, o dobro das recomendações designadas aos adultos. Embora atividade física, inatividade física e comportamento sedentário estejam relacionados, são constructos distintos, com impacto único na saúde, que devem ser corretamente orientados pelos profissionais da saúde e veículos de informação em massa.

Palavras-chave: Atividade motora. Comportamento sedentário. Mortalidade.

Abstract

The expressions physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are mistakenly reported as synonyms, although they have different definitions and characteristics. The aim of this study was to describe and conceptualize physical activity (PA), physical inactivity (PI) and sedentary behavior (SB), and to analyze the risks associated with health and the mortality rate. It is a narrative review, which used documents from institutions such as the World Health Organization, Department of Health and Human Services and Sedentary Behavior Research Network, in addition to recent reviews with meta-analysis, to gather evidence. PA is any body movement performed by skeletal muscles with energy expenditure above resting levels. PI is the non-performance of PA, besides the basic movements. SB is any waking behavior, with low energy expenditure (≤1.5 METs) while sitting, lying down or reclining. Individuals, who comply with PA recommendations, reduce the risk of death from all causes by 30%. Staying in SB for ≥8 hours / day increases mortality by 27% compared to spending <4 hours / day in inactive subjects. Inactive individuals who spend <4 hours / day or ≥8 hours / day in SB, have mortality rates 27% and 59% higher, respectively, than highly active people, regardless of the period in SB. To mitigate the harm of SB, daily practice of PA between 60-75 minutes is recommended, double the recommendations given to adults. Although physical activity, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are related, they are distinct constructs, with unique impact on health, which must be correctly guided by health professionals and mass information vehicles.

Keywords: Motor activity. Sedentary behavior. Mortality.

Resumen

Las expresiones inactividad física y comportamiento sedentario son equivocadamente reportadas como sinónimos, aunque tengan definiciones y características distintas. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y definir actividad física (AF), inactividad física (IF) y comportamiento sedentario (CS), y analizar los riscos asociados a la salud y a las tasas de mortalidad. Se trata de una revisión narrativa, hecha a partir de documentos de instituciones como la Organización Mundial de la Salud, Department of Health and Human Services y Sedentary Behavior Research Network, además de revisiones recientes, con metaanálisis, para la recolección de evidencias. AF es cualquier movimiento corporal realizado por los músculos esqueléticos con gasto energético por encima de los niveles de reposo. IF es la no-realización de AF más allá de los gastos básicos. CS es cualquier comportamiento en vigilia, con gasto energético reducido (≤1.5 METs) mientras se esté sentado, acostado o reclinado. Individuos que cumplen las recomendaciones de AF, reducen en 30% el riesgo de muerte por la causa que sea. Mantenerse en CS por ≥8 horas/día aumenta en 27% la mortalidad en comparación con pasar <4 horas/día en los sujetos inactivos. Individuos inactivos que pasan <4 horas/día o ≥8 horas/día en CS, presentan tasas de mortalidad 27% y 59% más grandes, respectivamente, que personas altamente activas, independientemente del período en CS. Para aminorar los efectos dañinos del CS, se recomienda la práctica diaria de AF entre 60-75 minutos, el doble de las recomendaciones hechas a los adultos. Aunque actividad física, inactividad física y comportamiento sedentario estén relacionados, se trata de constructos distintos, con impacto único sobre la salud, que deben ser correctamente orientados por los profesionales de la salud y vehículos de información masiva.

Palabras-clave: Actividad motora. Comportamiento sedentário. Mortalidad.

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Publicado

2020-02-28